3.5. 图像分类数据集¶ Open the notebook in SageMaker Studio Lab
MNIST数据集 (LeCun et al., 1998) 是图像分类中广泛使用的数据集之一,但作为基准数据集过于简单。 我们将使用类似但更复杂的Fashion-MNIST数据集 (Xiao et al., 2017)。
%matplotlib inline
import sys
from mxnet import gluon
from d2l import mxnet as d2l
d2l.use_svg_display()
%matplotlib inline
import torch
import torchvision
from torch.utils import data
from torchvision import transforms
from d2l import torch as d2l
d2l.use_svg_display()
%matplotlib inline
import tensorflow as tf
from d2l import tensorflow as d2l
d2l.use_svg_display()
%matplotlib inline
import warnings
from d2l import paddle as d2l
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
import sys
import paddle
from paddle.vision import transforms
d2l.use_svg_display()
3.5.1. 读取数据集¶
我们可以通过框架中的内置函数将Fashion-MNIST数据集下载并读取到内存中。
mnist_train = gluon.data.vision.FashionMNIST(train=True)
mnist_test = gluon.data.vision.FashionMNIST(train=False)
Downloading /opt/mxnet/datasets/fashion-mnist/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz from https://apache-mxnet.s3-accelerate.dualstack.amazonaws.com/gluon/dataset/fashion-mnist/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz...
Downloading /opt/mxnet/datasets/fashion-mnist/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz from https://apache-mxnet.s3-accelerate.dualstack.amazonaws.com/gluon/dataset/fashion-mnist/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz...
[07:01:09] ../src/storage/storage.cc:196: Using Pooled (Naive) StorageManager for CPU
Downloading /opt/mxnet/datasets/fashion-mnist/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz from https://apache-mxnet.s3-accelerate.dualstack.amazonaws.com/gluon/dataset/fashion-mnist/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz...
Downloading /opt/mxnet/datasets/fashion-mnist/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz from https://apache-mxnet.s3-accelerate.dualstack.amazonaws.com/gluon/dataset/fashion-mnist/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz...
# 通过ToTensor实例将图像数据从PIL类型变换成32位浮点数格式,
# 并除以255使得所有像素的数值均在0~1之间
trans = transforms.ToTensor()
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=True, transform=trans, download=True)
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=False, transform=trans, download=True)
mnist_train, mnist_test = tf.keras.datasets.fashion_mnist.load_data()
trans = transforms.ToTensor()
mnist_train = paddle.vision.datasets.FashionMNIST(mode="train",
transform=trans)
mnist_test = paddle.vision.datasets.FashionMNIST(mode="test", transform=trans)
Fashion-MNIST由10个类别的图像组成, 每个类别由训练数据集(train dataset)中的6000张图像 和测试数据集(test dataset)中的1000张图像组成。 因此,训练集和测试集分别包含60000和10000张图像。 测试数据集不会用于训练,只用于评估模型性能。
len(mnist_train), len(mnist_test)
(60000, 10000)
len(mnist_train), len(mnist_test)
(60000, 10000)
len(mnist_train[0]), len(mnist_test[0])
(60000, 10000)
len(mnist_train), len(mnist_test)
(60000, 10000)
每个输入图像的高度和宽度均为28像素。 数据集由灰度图像组成,其通道数为1。 为了简洁起见,本书将高度\(h\)像素、宽度\(w\)像素图像的形状记为\(h \times w\)或(\(h\),\(w\))。
mnist_train[0][0].shape
(28, 28, 1)
mnist_train[0][0].shape
torch.Size([1, 28, 28])
mnist_train[0][0].shape
(28, 28)
mnist_train[0][0].shape
[1, 28, 28]
Fashion-MNIST中包含的10个类别,分别为t-shirt(T恤)、trouser(裤子)、pullover(套衫)、dress(连衣裙)、coat(外套)、sandal(凉鞋)、shirt(衬衫)、sneaker(运动鞋)、bag(包)和ankle boot(短靴)。 以下函数用于在数字标签索引及其文本名称之间进行转换。
def get_fashion_mnist_labels(labels): #@save
"""返回Fashion-MNIST数据集的文本标签"""
text_labels = ['t-shirt', 'trouser', 'pullover', 'dress', 'coat',
'sandal', 'shirt', 'sneaker', 'bag', 'ankle boot']
return [text_labels[int(i)] for i in labels]
我们现在可以创建一个函数来可视化这些样本。
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5): #@save
"""绘制图像列表"""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
ax.imshow(img.asnumpy())
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5): #@save
"""绘制图像列表"""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
if torch.is_tensor(img):
# 图片张量
ax.imshow(img.numpy())
else:
# PIL图片
ax.imshow(img)
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5): #@save
"""绘制图像列表"""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
ax.imshow(img.numpy())
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
#@save
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5):
"""绘制图像列表"""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
if paddle.is_tensor(img):
# 图片张量
ax.imshow(img.numpy())
else:
# PIL图片
ax.imshow(img)
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
以下是训练数据集中前几个样本的图像及其相应的标签。
X, y = mnist_train[:18]
print(X.shape)
show_images(X.squeeze(axis=-1), 2, 9, titles=get_fashion_mnist_labels(y));
(18, 28, 28, 1)
X, y = next(iter(data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size=18)))
show_images(X.reshape(18, 28, 28), 2, 9, titles=get_fashion_mnist_labels(y));
X = tf.constant(mnist_train[0][:18])
y = tf.constant(mnist_train[1][:18])
show_images(X, 2, 9, titles=get_fashion_mnist_labels(y));
X, y = next(iter(paddle.io.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size=18)))
show_images(X.reshape([18, 28, 28]), 2, 9, titles=get_fashion_mnist_labels(y));
3.5.2. 读取小批量¶
为了使我们在读取训练集和测试集时更容易,我们使用内置的数据迭代器,而不是从零开始创建。
回顾一下,在每次迭代中,数据加载器每次都会读取一小批量数据,大小为batch_size
。
通过内置数据迭代器,我们可以随机打乱了所有样本,从而无偏见地读取小批量。
batch_size = 256
def get_dataloader_workers(): #@save
"""在非Windows的平台上,使用4个进程来读取数据"""
return 0 if sys.platform.startswith('win') else 4
# 通过ToTensor实例将图像数据从uint8格式变换成32位浮点数格式,并除以255使得所有像素的数值
# 均在0~1之间
transformer = gluon.data.vision.transforms.ToTensor()
train_iter = gluon.data.DataLoader(mnist_train.transform_first(transformer),
batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers())
batch_size = 256
def get_dataloader_workers(): #@save
"""使用4个进程来读取数据"""
return 4
train_iter = data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers())
batch_size = 256
train_iter = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(
mnist_train).batch(batch_size).shuffle(len(mnist_train[0]))
batch_size = 256
def get_dataloader_workers(): #@save
"""使用4个进程来读取数据"""
return 4
train_iter = paddle.io.DataLoader(dataset=mnist_train,
batch_size=batch_size,
shuffle=True,
return_list=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers())
我们看一下读取训练数据所需的时间。
timer = d2l.Timer()
for X, y in train_iter:
continue
f'{timer.stop():.2f} sec'
'1.89 sec'
timer = d2l.Timer()
for X, y in train_iter:
continue
f'{timer.stop():.2f} sec'
'3.37 sec'
timer = d2l.Timer()
for X, y in train_iter:
continue
f'{timer.stop():.2f} sec'
'0.31 sec'
timer = d2l.Timer()
for X, y in train_iter:
continue
f'{timer.stop():.2f} sec'
'5.65 sec'
3.5.3. 整合所有组件¶
现在我们定义load_data_fashion_mnist
函数,用于获取和读取Fashion-MNIST数据集。
这个函数返回训练集和验证集的数据迭代器。
此外,这个函数还接受一个可选参数resize
,用来将图像大小调整为另一种形状。
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None): #@save
"""下载Fashion-MNIST数据集,然后将其加载到内存中"""
dataset = gluon.data.vision
trans = [dataset.transforms.ToTensor()]
if resize:
trans.insert(0, dataset.transforms.Resize(resize))
trans = dataset.transforms.Compose(trans)
mnist_train = dataset.FashionMNIST(train=True).transform_first(trans)
mnist_test = dataset.FashionMNIST(train=False).transform_first(trans)
return (gluon.data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()),
gluon.data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size, shuffle=False,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()))
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None): #@save
"""下载Fashion-MNIST数据集,然后将其加载到内存中"""
trans = [transforms.ToTensor()]
if resize:
trans.insert(0, transforms.Resize(resize))
trans = transforms.Compose(trans)
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=True, transform=trans, download=True)
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=False, transform=trans, download=True)
return (data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()),
data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size, shuffle=False,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()))
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None): #@save
"""下载Fashion-MNIST数据集,然后将其加载到内存中"""
mnist_train, mnist_test = tf.keras.datasets.fashion_mnist.load_data()
# 将所有数字除以255,使所有像素值介于0和1之间,在最后添加一个批处理维度,
# 并将标签转换为int32。
process = lambda X, y: (tf.expand_dims(X, axis=3) / 255,
tf.cast(y, dtype='int32'))
resize_fn = lambda X, y: (
tf.image.resize_with_pad(X, resize, resize) if resize else X, y)
return (
tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(process(*mnist_train)).batch(
batch_size).shuffle(len(mnist_train[0])).map(resize_fn),
tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(process(*mnist_test)).batch(
batch_size).map(resize_fn))
#@save
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None):
"""下载Fashion-MNIST数据集,然后将其加载到内存中"""
trans = [transforms.ToTensor()]
if resize:
trans.insert(0, transforms.Resize(resize))
trans = transforms.Compose(trans)
mnist_train = paddle.vision.datasets.FashionMNIST(mode="train",
transform=trans)
mnist_test = paddle.vision.datasets.FashionMNIST(mode="test",
transform=trans)
return (paddle.io.DataLoader(dataset=mnist_train,
batch_size=batch_size,
shuffle=True,
return_list=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()),
paddle.io.DataLoader(dataset=mnist_test,
batch_size=batch_size,
return_list=True,
shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()))
下面,我们通过指定resize
参数来测试load_data_fashion_mnist
函数的图像大小调整功能。
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(32, resize=64)
for X, y in train_iter:
print(X.shape, X.dtype, y.shape, y.dtype)
break
(32, 1, 64, 64) <class 'numpy.float32'> (32,) <class 'numpy.int32'>
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(32, resize=64)
for X, y in train_iter:
print(X.shape, X.dtype, y.shape, y.dtype)
break
torch.Size([32, 1, 64, 64]) torch.float32 torch.Size([32]) torch.int64
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(32, resize=64)
for X, y in train_iter:
print(X.shape, X.dtype, y.shape, y.dtype)
break
(32, 64, 64, 1) <dtype: 'float32'> (32,) <dtype: 'int32'>
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(32, resize=64)
for X, y in train_iter:
print(X.shape, X.dtype, y.shape, y.dtype)
break
[32, 1, 64, 64] paddle.float32 [32, 1] paddle.int64
我们现在已经准备好使用Fashion-MNIST数据集,便于下面的章节调用来评估各种分类算法。
3.5.4. 小结¶
Fashion-MNIST是一个服装分类数据集,由10个类别的图像组成。我们将在后续章节中使用此数据集来评估各种分类算法。
我们将高度\(h\)像素,宽度\(w\)像素图像的形状记为\(h \times w\)或(\(h\),\(w\))。
数据迭代器是获得更高性能的关键组件。依靠实现良好的数据迭代器,利用高性能计算来避免减慢训练过程。
3.5.5. 练习¶
减少
batch_size
(如减少到1)是否会影响读取性能?数据迭代器的性能非常重要。当前的实现足够快吗?探索各种选择来改进它。
查阅框架的在线API文档。还有哪些其他数据集可用?